Professor Ian Loram

Cherif, A., Loram, I., Zenzeri, J. (2019) 'Effect of motor and sensory noise in the control of upright standing.' Progress in Brain Research. pp. 319-327.

Vieira, T.M., Farina, D., Loram, I.D. (2016) 'EMG and Posture in Its Narrowest Sense.' Surface Electromyography: Physiology, Engineering and Applications. pp. 408-439.

Loram, I.D. (2015) 'Postural Control and Sensorimotor Integration.' Grieve's Modern Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, 4th ed. Elsevier,

Gawthrop, P., Gollee, H., Loram, I. (2015) 'Intermittent control in man and machine.' Event-Based Control and Signal Processing. pp. 281-349.

Loram, I., Gollee, H., Kamp, C.V.D., Gawthrop, P. (2022) 'Is intermittent control the source of the non-linear oscillatory component (0.2-2Hz) in human balance control?.' IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 69(12) pp. 3623-3634.

Cherif, A., Zenzeri, J., Loram, I. (2022) 'What is the contribution of voluntary and reflex processes to sensorimotor control of balance?.' Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10pp. 973716-973716.

Cherif, A., Loram, I., Zenzeri, J. (2020) 'Force accuracy rather than high stiffness is associated with faster learning and reduced falls in human balance.' Scientific Reports, 10(1)

Cunningham, R., Loram, I. (2020) 'Estimation of Absolute States of Human Skeletal Muscle via Standard B-Mode Ultrasound Imaging and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.' Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 17(162)

Loram, I., Siddique, A., Sanchez Puccini, M.B.B., Harding, P., Silverdale, M., Kobylecki, C., Cunningham, R.J. (2020) 'Objective analysis of neck muscle boundaries for cervical dystonia using ultrasound imaging and deep learning.' IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 24(4) pp. 1016-1027.

Cunningham, R., Sánchez, M.B., Butler, P.B., Southgate, M.J., Loram, I.D. (2019) 'Fully automated image-based estimation of postural point-features in children with cerebral palsy using deep learning.' Royal Society Open Science, 6(11)

Darby, J., Sánchez, M.B., Bew, S., Loram, I., Butler, P. (2019) 'The development of a video retrieval system using a clinician-led approach.' Expert Systems with Applications, 142

Bibbings, K., Harding, P.J., Loram, I.D., Combes, N., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2019) 'Foreground Detection Analysis of Ultrasound Image Sequences Identifies Markers of Motor Neurone Disease across Diagnostically Relevant Skeletal Muscles.' Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 45(5) pp. 1164-1175.

Sanchez Puccini, M.B., Loram, I., Holmes, P., Darby, J., Butler, P. (2018) 'Working towards an objective segmental assessment of trunk control in children with cerebral palsy..' Gait and Posture, 65pp. 45-50.

Cunningham, R., Sánchez, M., May, G., Loram, I. (2018) 'Estimating Full Regional Skeletal Muscle Fibre Orientation from B-Mode Ultrasound Images Using Convolutional, Residual, and Deconvolutional Neural Networks.' Journal of Imaging, 4(2)

Gollee, H., Gawthrop, P.J., Lakie, M., Loram, I.D. (2017) 'Visuo-manual tracking: does intermittent control with aperiodic sampling explain linear power and non-linear remnant without sensorimotor noise?.' Journal of Physiology, 595(21) pp. 6751-6770.

de Melker Worms, J.L.A., Stins, J.F., Beek, P.J., Loram, I.D. (2017) 'The effect of fear of falling on vestibular feedback control of balance.' Physiological Reports, 5(18) pp. e13391-e13391.

Sánchez, M.B., Loram, I., Darby, J., Holmes, P., Butler, P.B. (2017) 'The potential of an automated system to identify the upper limb component of a controlled sitting posture..' Gait & posture, 58pp. 223-228.

Cunningham, R.J., Harding, P.J., Loram, I.D. (2017) 'The application of deep convolutional neural networks to ultrasound for modelling of dynamic states within human skeletal muscle.' IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging,

Miguez, D., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Loram, I., Harding, P. (2017) 'A technical note on variable inter-frame interval as a cause of non-physiological experimental artefacts in ultrasound.' Royal Society Open Science, 4pp. 170245-170245.

de Melker Worms, J.L.A., Stins, J.F., van Wegen, E.E.H., Verschueren, S.M.P., Beek, P.J., Loram, I.D. (2017) 'Effects of attentional focus on walking stability in elderly..' Gait & posture, 55pp. 94-99.

Loram, I., Bate, B., Harding, P., Cunningham, R., Loram, A. (2017) 'Proactive selective inhibition targeted at the neck muscles: this proximal constraint facilitates learning and regulates global control.' IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 25(4) pp. 357-369.

de Melker Worms, J.L.A., Stins, J.F., van Wegen, E.E.H., Loram, I.D., Beek, P.J. (2017) 'Influence of focus of attention, reinvestment and fall history on elderly gait stability.' Physiological reports, 5(1)

Nema, S., Kowalczyk, P., Loram, I. (2017) 'Wavelet-frequency analysis for the detection of discontinuities in switched system models of human balance.' Human Movement Science, 51pp. 27-40.

Cunningham, R., Harding, P., Loram, I. (2016) 'Real-Time Ultrasound Segmentation, Analysis and Visualisation of Deep Cervical Muscle Structure.' IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 36(2) pp. 653-665.

Sanchez, M., Loram, I., Darby, J., Holmes, P.S., Butler, P. (2016) 'Gait and Posture.' Gait and Posture, 51

Darby, J.G., Sánchez, M.B., Butler, P.B., Loram, I.D. (2016) 'An evaluation of 3D head pose estimation using the Microsoft Kinect v2.' Gait and Posture, 48pp. 83-88.

Harding, P.J., Loram, I.D., Combes, N., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2016) 'Ultrasound-Based Detection of Fasciculations in Healthy and Diseased Muscles.' IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 63

Nema, S., Kowalczyk, P., Loram, I. (2015) 'Complexity and dynamics of switched human balance control during quiet standing.' Biological Cybernetics, 109(4-5) pp. 469-478.

Reynolds, R.F., Osler, C.J., Tersteeg, M.C.A., Loram, I.D. (2015) 'Crosstalk opposing view: Fear of falling does not influence vestibular-evoked balance responses..' J Physiol, 593(14) pp. 2983-2984.

Reynolds, R.F., Osler, C.J., Tersteeg, M.C.A., Loram, I.D. (2015) 'Rebuttal from Raymond Reynolds, Callum Osler, Linda Tersteeg and Ian Loram.' The Journal of Physiology, 593(14) pp. 2987-2987.

Loram, I.D., van de Kamp, C., Lakie, M., Gollee, H., Gawthrop, P.J. (2014) 'Does the Motor System Need Intermittent Control?.' EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES REVIEWS, 42

Kowalczyk, P., Nema, S., Glendinning, P., Loram, I., Brown, M. (2014) 'Auto-regressive moving average analysis of linear and discontinuous models of human balance during quiet standing.' Chaos, 24

Gawthrop, P., Loram, I., Gollee, H., Lakie, M. (2014) 'Intermittent control models of human standing: similarities and differences.' BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS, 108

Gawthrop, P., Loram, I., Gollee, H., Lakie, M. (2014) 'Intermittent control models of human standing: similarities and differences.' Biological Cybernetics, pp. 1-10.

Botter, A., Vieira, T.M.M., Loram, I.D., Merletti, R., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2013) 'A novel system of electrodes transparent to ultrasound for simultaneous detection of myoelectric activity and B-mode ultrasound images of skeletal muscles.' Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(8) pp. 1203-1214.

Osler, C.J., Tersteeg, M.C.A., Reynolds, R.F., Loram, I.D. (2013) 'Postural threat differentially affects the feedforward and feedback components of the vestibular-evoked balance response.' European Journal of Neuroscience, 38(8) pp. 3239-3247.

Darby, J., Li, B., Costen, N., Loram, I., Hodson-Tole, E. (2013) 'Estimating skeletal muscle fascicle curvature from B-mode ultrasound image sequences..' IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 60(7) pp. 1935-1945.

Di Giulio, I., Baltzopoulos, V., Maganaris, C.N., Loram, I.D. (2013) 'Human standing: Does the control strategy preprogram a rigid knee?.' Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(12) pp. 1717-1729.

van de Kamp, C., Gawthrop, P.J., Gollee, H., Lakie, M., Loram, I.D. (2013) 'Interfacing sensory input with motor output: Does the control architecture converge to a serial process along a single channel?.' Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, (APR 2013)

Hodson-Tole, E.F., Loram, I.D., Vieira, T.M.M. (2013) 'Myoelectric activity along human gastrocnemius medialis: different spatial distributions of postural and electrically elicited surface potentials..' J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 23(1) pp. 43-50.

Hodson-Tole, E.F., Loram, I.D., Vieira, T.M.M. (2013) 'Myoelectric activity along human gastrocnemius medialis: Different spatial distributions of postural and electrically elicited surface potentials.' Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 23(1) pp. 43-50.

van de Kamp, C., Gawthrop, P.J., Gollee, H., Loram, I.D. (2013) 'Refractoriness in sustained visuo-manual control: is the refractory duration intrinsic or does it depend on external system properties?.' PLoS Comput Biol, 9(1)

Harding, P.J., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Cunningham, R., Loram, I., Costen, N. (2012) 'Automated detection of skeletal muscle twitches from B-mode ultrasound images: An application to motor neuron disease.' Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 2630-2633.

Loram, I.D., van de Kamp, C., Gollee, H., Gawthrop, P.J. (2012) 'Identification of intermittent control in man and machine..' J R Soc Interface, 9(74) pp. 2070-2084.

Gollee, H., Mamma, A., Loram, I.D., Gawthrop, P.J. (2012) 'Frequency-domain identification of the human controller..' Biol Cybern, 106(6-7) pp. 359-372.

Tersteeg, M.C.A., Marple-Horvat, D.E., Loram, I.D. (2012) 'Cautious gait in relation to knowledge and vision of height: is altered visual information the dominant influence?.' J Neurophysiol, 107(10) pp. 2686-2691.

Darby, J., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Costen, N., Loram, I.D. (2012) 'Automated regional analysis of B-mode ultrasound images of skeletal muscle movement..' J Appl Physiol (1985), 112(2) pp. 313-327.

Vieira, T.M.M., Loram, I.D., Muceli, S., Merletti, R., Farina, D. (2012) 'Recruitment of motor units in the medial gastrocnemius muscle during human quiet standing: is recruitment intermittent? What triggers recruitment?.' J Neurophysiol, 107(2) pp. 666-676.

Mamma, A., Gollee, H., Gawthrop, P.J., Loram, I.D. (2011) 'Intermittent control explains human motor remnant without additive noise.' 2011 19th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, MED 2011, pp. 558-563.

Gawthrop, P., Loram, I., Lakie, M., Gollee, H. (2011) 'Intermittent control: a computational theory of human control.' BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS, 104(1-2) pp. 31-51.

Vieira, T.M.M., Loram, I.D., Muceli, S., Merletti, R., Farina, D. (2011) 'Postural activation of the human medial gastrocnemius muscle: are the muscle units spatially localised?.' J Physiol, 589(Pt 2) pp. 431-443.

Loram, I.D., Gollee, H., Lakie, M., Gawthrop, P.J. (2011) 'Human control of an inverted pendulum: is continuous control necessary? Is intermittent control effective? Is intermittent control physiological?.' J Physiol, 589(Pt 2) pp. 307-324.

Loram, I.D., Gollee, H., Lakie, M., Gawthrop, P.J. (2011) 'Human control of an inverted pendulum: Is continuous control necessary? Is intermittent control effective? Is intermittent control physiological?.' Journal of Physiology, 589(2) pp. 307-324.

Vieira, T.M.M., Loram, I.D., Muceli, S., Merletti, R., Farina, D. (2011) 'Postural activation of the human medial gastrocnemius muscle: Are the muscle units spatially localised?.' Journal of Physiology, 589(2) pp. 431-443.

Al-Shanti, N., Faulkner, S.H., Saini, A., Loram, I., Stewart, C.E. (2011) 'A semi-automated programme for tracking myoblast migration following mechanical damage: Manipulation by chemical inhibitors.' Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 27(6) pp. 625-636.

Cochrane, D.J., Loram, I.D., Stannard, S.R., Rittweger, J. (2009) 'Changes in joint angle, muscle-tendon complex length, muscle contractile tissue displacement, and modulation of EMG activity during acute whole-body vibration..' Muscle Nerve, 40(3) pp. 420-429.

Gawthrop, P., Loram, I., Lakie, M. (2009) 'Predictive feedback in human simulated pendulum balancing.' BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS, 101(2) pp. 131-146.

Loram, I.D., Lakie, M., Di Giulio, I., Maganaris, C.N. (2009) 'The consequences of short-range stiffness and fluctuating muscle activity for proprioception of postural joint rotations: the relevance to human standing..' J Neurophysiol, 102(1) pp. 460-474.

Di Giulio, I., Maganaris, C.N., Baltzopoulos, V., Loram, I.D. (2009) 'The proprioceptive and agonist roles of gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior muscles in maintaining human upright posture.' Journal of Physiology, 587(10) pp. 2399-2416.

Di Giulio, I., Maganaris, C.N., Baltzopoulos, V., Loram, I.D. (2009) 'The proprioceptive and agonist roles of gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior muscles in maintaining human upright posture..' J Physiol, 587(Pt 10) pp. 2399-2416.

Loram, I.D., Lakie, M., Gawthrop, P.J. (2009) 'Visual control of stable and unstable loads: what is the feedback delay and extent of linear time-invariant control?.' J Physiol, 587(Pt 6) pp. 1343-1365.

Loram, I.D., Lakie, M., Gawthrop, P.J. (2009) 'Visual control of stable and unstable loads: What is the feedback delay and extent of linear time-invariant control?.' Journal of Physiology, 587(6) pp. 1343-1365.

Loram, I.D., Maganaris, C.N., Lakie, M. (2009) 'Paradoxical muscle movement during postural control..' Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(1) pp. 198-204.

Gawthrop, P., Lakie, M., Loram, I. (2008) 'Predictive feedback control and Fitts' law.' BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS, 98(3) pp. 229-238.

Loram, I.D., Maganaris, C.N., Lakie, M. (2007) 'The passive, human calf muscles in relation to standing: the non-linear decrease from short range to long range stiffness..' J Physiol, 584(Pt 2) pp. 661-675.

Loram, I.D., Maganaris, C.N., Lakie, M. (2007) 'The passive, human calf muscles in relation to standing: the short range stiffness lies in the contractile component..' J Physiol, 584(Pt 2) pp. 677-692.

Loram, I.D., Gawthrop, P.J., Lakie, M. (2006) 'The frequency of human, manual adjustments in balancing an inverted pendulum is constrained by intrinsic physiological factors..' J Physiol, 577(Pt 1) pp. 417-432.

Lakie, M., Loram, I.D. (2006) 'Manually controlled human balancing using visual, vestibular and proprioceptive senses involves a common, low frequency neural process..' J Physiol, 577(Pt 1) pp. 403-416.

Lakie, M., Loram, I.D. (2006) 'Manually controlled human balancing using visual, vestibular and proprioceptive senses involves a common, low frequency neural process.' Journal of Physiology, 577(1) pp. 403-416.

Loram, I.D., Gawthrop, P.J., Lakie, M. (2006) 'The frequency of human, manual adjustments in balancing an inverted pendulum is constrained by intrinsic physiological factors.' Journal of Physiology, 577(1) pp. 417-432.

Loram, I.D., Maganaris, C.N., Lakie, M. (2006) 'Use of ultrasound to make noninvasive in vivo measurement of continuous changes in human muscle contractile length..' J Appl Physiol (1985), 100(4) pp. 1311-1323.

Loram, I.D., Lakie, M., Maganaris, C.N. (2005) 'Reply from Ian D. Loram, Constantinos N. Maganaris and Martin Lakie [2].' Journal of Physiology, 569(2)

Loram, I.D., Maganaris, C.N., Lakie, M. (2005) 'Human postural sway results from frequent, ballistic bias impulses by soleus and gastrocnemius..' J Physiol, 564(Pt 1) pp. 295-311.

Loram, I.D., Maganaris, C.N., Lakie, M. (2005) 'Active, non-spring-like muscle movements in human postural sway: how might paradoxical changes in muscle length be produced?.' J Physiol, 564(Pt 1) pp. 281-293.

Loram, I.D., Maganaris, C.N., Lakie, M. (2004) 'Paradoxical muscle movement in human standing..' J Physiol, 556(Pt 3) pp. 683-689.

Lakie, M., Caplan, N., Loram, I.D. (2003) 'Human balancing of an inverted pendulum with a compliant linkage: neural control by anticipatory intermittent bias..' J Physiol, 551(Pt 1) pp. 357-370.

Loram, I.D., Lakie, M. (2002) 'Direct measurement of human ankle stiffness during quiet standing: the intrinsic mechanical stiffness is insufficient for stability..' J Physiol, 545(3) pp. 1041-1053.

Loram, I.D., Lakie, M. (2002) 'Human balancing of an inverted pendulum: Position control by small, ballistic-like, throw and catch movements.' Journal of Physiology, 540(3) pp. 1111-1124.

Loram, I.D., Lakie, M. (2002) 'Human balancing of an inverted pendulum: position control by small, ballistic-like, throw and catch movements..' J Physiol, 540(Pt 3) pp. 1111-1124.

Loram, I.D., Kelly, S.M., Lakie, M. (2001) 'Human balancing of an inverted pendulum: Is sway size controlled by ankle impedance?.' Journal of Physiology, 532(3) pp. 879-891.

Loram, I.D., Kelly, S.M., Lakie, M. (2001) 'Human balancing of an inverted pendulum: is sway size controlled by ankle impedance?.' J Physiol, 532(Pt 3) pp. 879-891.

Sánchez, M.B., Loram, I., Holmes, P., Darby, J., Butler, B.P. (2018) 'Quantification of head motion in children with cerebral palsy when testing segmental trunk control.' In 2018 IX International Seminar of Biomedical Engineering (SIB). Bogota, Colombia, 16/5/2018 - 18/5/2018. IEEE,

Cunningham, R., Harding, P., Loram, I. (2017) 'Deep residual networks for quantification of muscle fiber orientation and curvature from ultrasound images.' In 21st Annual Conference, Medical Image Understanding and Analysis (MIUA 2017). 723. Edinburgh, UK, 11/7/2017 - 13/7/2017. Springer International Publishing AG, pp. 63-73.

Cunningham, , Loram, I.D., Gollee, H., Zenzeri, J. (2016) 'Intermittent control of unstable multivariate systems with uncertain system parameters.' In IEEE 38th Annual International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Orlando, FL, USA, 16/8/2016 - 20/8/2016. IEEE,

Loram, I., Gawthrop, P., Gollee, H. (2015) 'Intermittent control of unstable multivariate systems.' 2015-N. IEEE, pp. 1436-1439.

Sanchez Puccini, M., Loram, I., Darby, J., Holmes, P., Butler, P. (2015) 'Development and Validation of a Movement Evaluation System: Trunk Alignment.' In Conference Proceedings of the 7th Mmu Postgraduate Research Conference 2014 : Making an Impact with Research.

Pinchin, J., Smith, G., Hill, C., Moore, T., Loram, I. (2014) 'The potential of electromyography to aid personal navigation.' 2. pp. 1609-1615.

(2006) 'The use of ultrasound to make non-invasive, in vivo measurement of continuous changes in human muscle contractile length: the temporal and spatial resolution of the technique?.' 208. BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, pp. 402-402.

Loram, I.D., Kelly, S.M., Lakie, M. (2000) 'Analysis of balancing ability in man using an equivalent task (fictive standing).' 523. CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, pp. 134P-134P.

Sanchez Puccini, M., Loram, I., Holmes, P., Darby, J., Butler, P. (2018) Quantification of head motion in children with cerebral palsy when testing segmental trunk control.. [Presentation] 2018 IX International Seminar of Biomedical Engineering (SIB).,17/5/2018.

Sanchez Puccini, M.B. (2019) The development and validation of a movement evaluation system for children with cerebral palsy.

Sanchez Puccini, M., Loram, I., Darby, J., Holmes, P., Butler, P. (2016) 'Quantification of Head Movement When Testing Segmental Trunk Control.' [Poster] In International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology, ISEK Meeting, Chicago – USA. Date viewed 8/7/2016.

Sanchez Puccini, M., Loram, I., Darby, J., Holmes, P., Butler, P. (2016) 'Posture of The Head And Trunk In Sitting: Quantification Of Alignment.' [Poster] In International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology, ISEK Meeting, Chicago – USA. Date viewed 7/7/2016.