Professor Craig Sale

Morris, R.H., Sale, C. (2023) 'Imaging Skeletal Muscle by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).' Neuromethods. pp. 29-64.

Saunders, B., Artioli, G.G., Dolan, E., Jones, R.L., Matthews, J., Sale, C. (2020) 'Biochemistry of buffering capacity and ingestion of buffers in exercise and athletic performance.' The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise. pp. 334-352.

Sale, C., Harris, R.C. (2015) 'ß-alanine and carnosine.' Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health: An A-Z Guide. pp. 59-60.

Saunders, B., Artioli, G.G., Sale, C., Gualano, B. (2015) 'β-Alanine, muscle carnosine and exercise.' Food and Nutritional Components in Focus. pp. 277-294.

Sale, C., Harris, R.C. (2013) 'Buffering Agents.' Sports Nutrition. pp. 324-335.

Slater, T., Mode, W.J.A., Bonnard, L.C., Sweeney, C., Funnell, M.P., Smith, H.A., Hough, J., James, R.M., Varley, I., Sale, C., Betts, J.A., James, L.J., Clayton, D.J. (2024) 'Substituting carbohydrate at lunch for added protein increases fat oxidation during subsequent exercise in healthy males.' The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,

Habra, K., Pearson, J.R.D., Le Vu, P., Puig-Saenz, C., Cripps, M.J., Khan, M.A., Turner, M.D., Sale, C., McArdle, S.E.B. (2024) 'Anticancer actions of carnosine in cellular models of prostate cancer.' Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,

Elliott Sale, K.J., Flood, T.R., Arent, S.M., Dolan, E., Saunders, B., Hansen, M., Ihalainen, J.K., Mikkonen, R.S., Minahan, C., Thornton, J.S., Ackerman, K.E., Lebrun, C.M., Sale, C., Stellingwerff, T., Swinton, P.A., Hackney, A.C. (2023) 'Effect of menstrual cycle and contraceptive pill phase on aspects of exercise physiology and athletic performance in female athletes: protocol for the Feminae international multisite innovative project.' BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 9(4)

Hanley, S.J., Varley, I., Sale, C., Elliott-Sale, K.J. (2023) 'Experiences of physical activity, healthy eating and quality of life during and following pregnancy in overweight and obese postpartum women.' Maternal and Child Health Journal,

Dolan, E., Sale, C., Hedrick, M.S. (2023) 'Editorial: Athletes of the animal kingdom: exercise insights from comparative and evolutionary biology.' Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, pp. 111509-111509.

Elliott-Sale, K.J., Ackerman, K.E., Lebrun, C.M., Minahan, C., Sale, C., Stellingwerff, T., Swinton, P.A., C Hackney, A. (2023) 'Feminae: an international multisite innovative project for female athletes.' BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 9(4) pp. e001675-e001675.

Civil, R., Dolan, E., Swinton, P.A., Santos, L., Varley, I., Atherton, P.J., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Sale, C. (2023) 'P1NP and β-CTX-1 responses to a prolonged, continuous running bout in young healthy adult males: a systematic review with individual participant data meta-analysis.' Sports Medicine - Open, 9(1) pp. 85-85.

Hutson, M.J., O'Donnell, E., Brooke-Wavell, K., James, L.J., Raleigh, C.J., Carson, B.P., Sale, C., Blagrove, R.C. (2023) 'High-impact jumping mitigates the short-term effects of low energy availability on bone resorption but not formation in regularly menstruating females: A randomized control trial.' Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports,

Tarum, J., Degens, H., Turner, M.D., Stewart, C., Sale, C., Santos, L. (2023) 'Modelling Skeletal Muscle Ageing and Repair In Vitro.' Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2023pp. 1-15.

Esteves, G.P., Swinton, P., Sale, C., Gualano, B., Roschel, H., Dolan, E. (2023) 'Use of factor analysis to model relationships between bone mass and physical, dietary, and metabolic factors in frail and pre-frail older adults.' Journal of Applied Physiology,

Swinton, P.A., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Sale, C. (2023) 'Comparative analysis of bone outcomes between quantitative ultrasound and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry from the UK Biobank cohort.' Archives of Osteoporosis, 18(1) pp. 77-77.

Webster, J., Dalla Via, J., Langley, C., Smith, C., Sale, C., Sim, M. (2023) 'Nutritional strategies to optimise musculoskeletal health for fall and fracture prevention: looking beyond calcium, vitamin D and protein.' Bone Reports, 19pp. 101684-101684.

Scott, R., James, R., Barnett, C.T., Sale, C., Varley, I. (2023) 'Perspectives from research and practice: a survey on external load monitoring and bone in sport.' Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5pp. 1150052-1150052.

Tan, A., Younis, A.Z., Evans, A., Creighton, J.V., Coveny, C., Boocock, D.J., Sale, C., Lavery, G.G., Coutts, A.S., Doig, C.L. (2023) 'PARP1 mediated PARylation contributes to myogenic progression and glucocorticoid transcriptional response.' Cell Death Discovery, 9(1) pp. 133-133.

Varley, I., Sale, C., Greeves, J.P., Morris, J.G., Sunderland, C., Saward, C. (2023) 'Relationship between football-specific training characteristics and tibial bone adaptation in male academy football players.' Sports, 11(4) pp. 86-86.

Matthews, J.J., Turner, M.D., Santos, L., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Sale, C. (2023) 'Carnosine increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and reduces methylglyoxal-modified proteins in type-2 diabetic human skeletal muscle cells.' Amino Acids, 55(3) pp. 413-420.

Varley, I., Ward, M., Thorpe, C., Beardsley, N., Greeves, J., Sale, C., Saward, C. (2022) 'External training load is associated with adaptation in bone and body composition over the course of a season in elite male footballers.' Bone Reports, 18pp. 101643-101643.

Billacura, M.P., Lavilla, C.J., Cripps, M.J., Hanna, K., Sale, C., Turner, M.D. (2022) 'β-alanine scavenging of free radicals protects mitochondrial function and enhances both insulin secretion and glucose uptake in cells under metabolic stress.' Advances in Redox Research, 6

Carswell, A.T., Jackson, S., Swinton, P., O'Leary, T.J., Tang, J.C.Y., Oliver, S.J., Sale, C., Izard, R.M., Walsh, N.P., Fraser, W.D., Greeves, J.P. (2022) 'Vitamin D Metabolites Are Associated with Physical Performance in Young Healthy Adults.' Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 54(11) pp. 1982-1989.

Slater, T., Mode, W.J.A., Pinkney, M.G., Hough, J., James, R.M., Sale, C., James, L.J., Clayton, D.J. (2022) 'Fasting before evening exercise reduces net energy intake and increases fat oxidation, but impairs performance in healthy males and females.' International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 33(1) pp. 11-22.

Perim, P., Gobbi, N., Duarte, B., Oliveira, L.F.D., Costa, L.A.R., Sale, C., Gualano, B., Dolan, E., Saunders, B. (2022) 'Beta-alanine did not improve high-intensity performance throughout simulated road cycling.' European Journal of Sport Science, 22(8) pp. 1240-1249.

Guzman, A., Kurgan, N., Moniz, S.C., McCarthy, S.F., Sale, C., Logan-Sprenger, H., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Hazell, T.J., Klentrou, P. (2022) 'Menstrual cycle related fluctuations in circulating markers of bone metabolism at rest and in response to running in eumenorrheic females.' Calcified Tissue International, 111(2) pp. 124-136.

Dolan, E., Dumas, A., Keane, K.M., Bestetti, G., Freitas, L.H.M., Gualano, B., Kohrt, W.M., Kelley, G.A., Pereira, R.M.R., Sale, C., Swinton, P.A. (2022) 'The bone biomarker response to an acute bout of exercise: a systematic review with meta-analysis.' Sports Medicine, 52(12) pp. 2889-2908.

Creighton, J.V., de Souza Gonçalves, L., Artioli, G.G., Tan, D., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Turner, M.D., Doig, C.L., Sale, C. (2022) 'Physiological Roles of Carnosine in Myocardial Function and Health.' Advances in Nutrition, 13(5) pp. 1914-1929.

Elliott-Sale, K.J., Bostock, E.L., Jackson, T., Wardle, S.L., O'Leary, T.J., Greeves, J.P., Sale, C. (2022) 'Investigating the Efficacy of an 18-Week Postpartum Rehabilitation and Physical Development Intervention on Occupational Physical Performance and Musculoskeletal Health in UK Servicewomen: Protocol for an Independent Group Study Design.' JMIR Research Protocols, 11(6) pp. e32315-e32315.

Varley, I., Ward, M., Thorpe, C., Beardsley, N., Greeves, J., Sale, C., Saward, C. (2022) 'Modelling changes in bone and body composition over a season in elite male footballers.' International Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(8) pp. 729-739.

Hanley, S.J., Sibbick, E., Varley, I., Sale, C., Elliott-Sale, K.J. (2022) 'Exercise interventions for weight management during pregnancy and up to 1 year postpartum among normal weight women and women with overweight and obesity: an updated systematic review.' Obesity Science and Practice, 8(5) pp. 531-544.

Shirley, M.K., Longman, D.P., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Hackney, A.C., Sale, C., Dolan, E. (2022) 'A life history perspective on athletes with low energy availability.' Sports Medicine, 52(6) pp. 1223-1234.

Dolan, E., Warren, D.E., Harris, R.C., Sale, C., Gualano, B., Saunders, B. (2021) 'Skeletal muscle histidine-containing dipeptide contents are increased in freshwater turtles (C. picta bellii) with cold-acclimation.' Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 262pp. 111071-111071.

da Eira Silva, V., Matthews, J., Gualano, B., de Salles Painelli, V., Concepción Otaduy, M., Sale, C., Giannini Artioli, G. (2021) 'Comment on "Cores of Reproducibility in Physiology (CORP): quantification of human skeletal muscle carnosine concentration by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy"..' Journal of Applied Physiology, 131(5) pp. 1613-1614.

Slater, T., Mode, W.J.A., Hough, J., James, R.M., Sale, C., James, L.J., Clayton, D.J. (2021) 'Effect of the perception of breakfast consumption on subsequent appetite and energy intake in healthy males.' European Journal of Nutrition, 61(3) pp. 1319-1330.

Nédélec, E., Foli, E., Shultz, S.J., Swinton, P.A., Dolan, E., Enright, K., Piasecki, J., Matthews, J.J., Sale, C., Elliott-Sale, K.J. (2021) 'Effect of menstrual cycle phase, menstrual irregularities and hormonal contraceptive use on anterior knee laxity and non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury occurrence in women: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.' BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 7(4) pp. e001170-e001170.

Santos, L., Gonçalves, L.S., Bagheri-Hanei, S., Möller, G.B., Sale, C., James, R.M., Artioli, G.G. (2021) 'Insulin stimulates β-alanine uptake in skeletal muscle cells in vitro.' Amino Acids, 53(11) pp. 1763-1766.

Herbert, A.J., Williams, A.G., Lockey, S.J., Erskine, R.M., Sale, C., Hennis, P.J., Day, S.H., Stebbings, G.K. (2021) 'Correction to: Bone mineral density in high-level endurance runners: part A—site-specific characteristics.' European Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(1) pp. 269-271.

Jackson, T., Bostock, E.L., Hassan, A., Greeves, J.P., Sale, C., Elliott-Sale, K.J. (2021) 'The legacy of pregnancy: elite athletes and women in arduous occupations.' Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 50(1) pp. 14-24.

Herbert, A.J., Williams, A.G., Lockey, S.J., Erskine, R.M., Sale, C., Hennis, P.J., Day, S.H., Stebbings, G.K. (2021) 'Bone mineral density in high-level endurance runners: Part B—genotype-dependent characteristics.' European Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(1) pp. 71-80.

Herbert, A.J., Williams, A.G., Lockey, S.J., Erskine, R.M., Sale, C., Hennis, P.J., Day, S.H., Stebbings, G.K. (2021) 'Bone mineral density in high-level endurance runners: part A—site-specific characteristics.' European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(12) pp. 3437-3445.

Jones, R.L., Stellingwerff, T., Swinton, P., Artioli, G.G., Saunders, B., Sale, C. (2021) 'Warm-up intensity does not affect the ergogenic effect of sodium bicarbonate in adult men.' International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 31(6) pp. 482-489.

Lavilla, C.J., Billacura, M.P., Hanna, K., Boocock, D.J., Coveney, C., Miles, A.K., Foulds, G.A., Murphy, A., Tan, A., Jackisch, L., Sayers, S.R., Caton, P.W., Doig, C.L., McTernan, P.G., Colombo, S.L., Sale, C., Turner, M.D. (2021) 'Carnosine protects stimulus-secretion coupling through prevention of protein carbonyl adduction events in cells under metabolic stress.' Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 175pp. 65-79.

Turner, M.D., Sale, C., Garner, A.C., Hipkiss, A.R. (2021) 'Anti-cancer actions of carnosine and the restoration of normal cellular homeostasis.' BBA: Molecular Cell Research, 1868(11) pp. 119117-119117.

Matthews, J.J., Dolan, E., Swinton, P.A., Santos, L., Artioli, G.G., Turner, M.D., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Sale, C. (2021) 'Effect of carnosine or β-Alanine supplementation on markers of glycemic control and insulin resistance in humans and animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.' Advances in Nutrition, 12(6) pp. 2216-2231.

Esteves, G.P., Swinton, P., Sale, C., James, R.M., Artioli, G.G., Roschel, H., Gualano, B., Saunders, B., Dolan, E. (2021) 'Individual participant data meta-analysis provides no evidence of intervention response variation in individuals supplementing with beta-alanine.' International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 31(4) pp. 305-313.

Brocherie, F., Camacho-Cardenosa, M., Timon, R., Debevec, T., Rittweger, J., Hutson, M.J., O’Donnell, E., Brooke-Wavell, K., Blagrove, R.C., Beck, O.N., Kipp, S., Fernandes, R.J., Conceição, F., Abraldes, J.A., Greeves, J.P., O’Leary, T.J., Vagula, M., Gibbs, J.C., Churchward-Venne, T.A., Dolan, E., Pinto, R.S., Oliveira, L.F., Sale, C., Saunders, B. (2021) 'Commentaries on viewpoint: Fragile bones of elite cyclists: To treat or not to treat?.' Journal of Applied Physiology, 131(1) pp. 29-33.

Nemezio, K., de Carvalho Yamaguchi, G., Boito Ramkrapes, A.P., Schulz, M.L., Baptista, I.L., Riani, L.A., Gonçalves, L.D.S., Sale, C., de Medeiros, M.H.G., Gualano, B., Artioli, G.G. (2021) 'The role of chronic muscle (in)activity on carnosine homeostasis: A study with spinal cord-injured athletes.' American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 320(6) pp. R824-R832.

Civil, R., Brook, M.S., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Santos, L., Varley, I., Lensu, S., Kainulainen, H., Koch, L.G., Britton, S.L., Wilkinson, D.J., Smith, K., Sale, C., Atherton, P.J. (2021) 'A collagen extraction and deuterium oxide stable isotope tracer method for the quantification of bone collagen synthesis rates in vivo.' Physiological Reports, 9(10) pp. e14799-e14799.

Gonçalves, L.D.S., Sales, L.P., Saito, T.R., Campos, J.C., Fernandes, A.L., Natali, J., Jensen, L., Arnold, A., Ramalho, L., Bechara, L.R.G., Esteca, M.V., Correa, I., Sant'Anna, D., Ceroni, A., Michelini, L.C., Gualano, B., Teodoro, W., Carvalho, V.H., Vargas, B.S., Medeiros, M.H.G., Baptista, I.L., Irigoyen, M.C., Sale, C., Ferreira, J.C.B., Artioli, G.G. (2021) 'Histidine dipeptides are key regulators of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle: evidence from a novel CARNS1 knockout rat model.' Redox Biology, 44pp. 102016-102016.

Bass, J.J., Hardy, E.J.O., Inns, T.B., Wilkinson, D.J., Piasecki, M., Morris, R.H., Spicer, A., Sale, C., Smith, K., Atherton, P.J., Phillips, B.E. (2021) 'Atrophy Resistant vs. Atrophy Susceptible Skeletal Muscles: “aRaS” as a Novel Experimental Paradigm to Study the Mechanisms of Human Disuse Atrophy.' Frontiers in Physiology, 12(653060) pp. 1-11.

Yamaguchi, G.C., Nemezio, K., Schulz, M.L., Natali, J., Cesar, J.E., Riani, L.A., de Souza Gonçalves, L., Möller, G.B., Sale, C., de Medeiros, M.H.G., Gualano, B., Artioli, G.G. (2021) 'Kinetics of Muscle Carnosine Decay after β-Alanine Supplementation: A 16-wk Washout Study.' Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 53(5) pp. 1079-1088.

Martin, D., Cooper, S.B., Tang, J.C.Y., Fraser, W.D., Sale, C., Elliott-Sale, K.J. (2021) 'Bone metabolic marker concentrations across the menstrual cycle and phases of combined oral contraceptive use.' Bone, 145pp. 115864-115864.

Hutson, M.J., O’Donnell, E., Brooke-Wavell, K., Sale, C., Blagrove, R.C. (2021) 'Effects of Low Energy Availability on Bone Health in Endurance Athletes and High-Impact Exercise as A Potential Countermeasure: A Narrative Review.' Sports Medicine, 51(3) pp. 391-403.

Martin, D., Papageorgiou, M., Colgan, H., Bandelow, S., Greeves, J.P., Tang, J.C.Y., Fraser, W.D., Cooper, S.B., Sale, C., Elliott-Sale, K.J. (2021) 'The effects of short-term low energy availability, achieved through diet or exercise, on cognitive function in oral contraceptive users and eumenorrheic women.' Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 46(7) pp. 781-789.

Patel, K.A., Farias de Oliveira, L., Sale, C., James, R.M. (2021) 'The effect of β-alanine supplementation on high intensity cycling capacity in normoxia and hypoxia.' Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(11) pp. 1295-1301.

Matthews, J.J., Dolan, E., Swinton, P.A., Santos, L., Artioli, G.G., Turner, M.D., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Sale, C. (2020) 'The effect of carnosine or β-alanine supplementation on markers of glycaemic control and insulin resistance in human and animal studies: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.' Systematic Reviews, 9(1)

da Eira Silva, V., Painelli, V.D.S., Shinjo, S.K., Ribeiro Pereira, W., Cilli, E.M., Sale, C., Gualano, B., Otaduy, M.C., Artioli, G.G. (2020) 'Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Non-invasive Method to Quantify Muscle Carnosine in Humans: a Comprehensive Validity Assessment.' Scientific Reports, 10(1)

Clayton, D.J., James, L.J., Sale, C., Templeman, I., Betts, J.A., Varley, I. (2020) 'Severely restricting energy intake for 24 h does not affect markers of bone metabolism at rest or in response to re-feeding.' European Journal of Nutrition, 59(8) pp. 3527-3535.

Dolan, E., Dumas, A., Keane, K.M., Bestetti, G., Freitas, L.H.M., Gualano, B., Kohrt, W., Kelley, G.A., Pereira, R.M.R., Sale, C., Swinton, P. (2020) 'The influence of acute exercise on bone biomarkers: protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis.' Systematic Reviews, 9(1)

Saunders, B., Virgile, A., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Artioli, G.G., Swinton, P.A., Dolan, E., Roschel, H., Sale, C., Gualano, B. (2020) 'Infographic. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of β-alanine supplementation on exercise capacity and performance.' British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(15) pp. 925-926.

Matthews, J.J., Sale, C. (2020) 'Comments upon “Histidine-containing dipeptides reduce central obesity and improve glycaemic outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials”.' Obesity Reviews, 21(7)

Sale, C. (2020) 'Editorial.' Nutrition and Health, 26(2)

Dolan, E., Varley, I., Ackerman, K.E., Pereira, R.M.R., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Sale, C. (2020) 'The Bone Metabolic Response to Exercise and Nutrition.' Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 48(2) pp. 49-58.

de Souza Gonçalves, L., Kratz, C., Santos, L., Carvalho, V.H., Sales, L.P., Nemezio, K., Longobardi, I., Riani, L.A., de Oliveira Lima, M.M., Saito, T., Fernandes, A.L., Rodrigues, J., James, R.M., Sale, C., Gualano, B., Geloneze, B., Gennari de Medeiros, M.H., Artioli, G.G. (2020) 'Insulin does not stimulate β-alanine transport into human skeletal muscle.' American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology, 318(4) pp. C777-C786.

Saunders, B., Franchi, M., de Oliveira, L.F., da Eira Silva, V., da Silva, R.P., de Salles Painelli, V., Costa, L.A.R., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Roschel, H., Artioli, G.G., Gualano, B. (2020) '24-Week β-alanine ingestion does not affect muscle taurine or clinical blood parameters in healthy males.' European Journal of Nutrition, 59(1) pp. 57-65.

Sale, C., Elliott-Sale, K.J. (2019) 'Nutrition and Athlete Bone Health.' Sports Medicine, 49pp. 139-151.

Matthews, J.J., Artioli, G.G., Turner, M.D., Sale, C. (2019) 'The Physiological Roles of Carnosine and β-Alanine in Exercising Human Skeletal Muscle.' Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 51(10) pp. 2098-2108.

Hammond, K.M., Sale, C., Fraser, W., Tang, J., Shepherd, S.O., Strauss, J.A., Close, G.L., Cocks, M., Louis, J., Pugh, J., Stewart, C., Sharples, A.P., Morton, J.P. (2019) 'Post-exercise carbohydrate and energy availability induce independent effects on skeletal muscle cell signalling and bone turnover: implications for training adaptation.' Journal of Physiology, 597(18) pp. 4779-4796.

Dolan, E., Saunders, B., Harris, R.C., Bicudo, J.E.P.W., Bishop, D.J., Sale, C., Gualano, B. (2019) 'Comparative physiology investigations support a role for histidine-containing dipeptides in intracellular acid–base regulation of skeletal muscle.' Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -Part A : Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 234pp. 77-86.

Close, G.L., Baar, K., Sale, C., Bermon, S. (2019) 'Nutrition for the prevention and treatment of injuries in track and field athletes.' International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(2) pp. 189-197.

Herbert, A.J., Williams, A.G., Hennis, P.J., Erskine, R.M., Sale, C., Day, S.H., Stebbings, G.K. (2019) 'The interactions of physical activity, exercise and genetics and their associations with bone mineral density: implications for injury risk in elite athletes.' European Journal of Applied Physiology, 119(1) pp. 29-47.

Bassinello, D., de Salles Painelli, V., Dolan, E., Lixandrão, M., Cajueiro, M., de Capitani, M., Saunders, B., Sale, C., Artioli, G.G., Gualano, B., Roschel, H. (2019) 'Beta-alanine supplementation improves isometric, but not isotonic or isokinetic strength endurance in recreationally strength-trained young men.' Amino Acids, 51(1) pp. 27-37.

Elliott-Sale, K.J., Graham, A., Hanley, S.J., Blumenthal, S., Sale, C. (2019) 'Modern dietary guidelines for healthy pregnancy; maximising maternal and foetal outcomes and limiting excessive gestational weight gain.' European Journal of Sport Science, 19(1) pp. 62-70.

Artioli, G.G., Sale, C., Jones, R.L. (2019) 'Carnosine in health and disease.' European Journal of Sport Science, 19(1) pp. 30-39.

Varley, I., Greeves, J.P., Sale, C. (2019) 'Seasonal Difference in Bone Characteristics and Body Composition of Elite Speed Skaters.' International Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(1) pp. 9-15.

Dolan, E., Saunders, B., Dantas, W.S., Murai, I.H., Roschel, H., Artioli, G.G., Harris, R., Bicudo, J.E.P.W., Sale, C., Gualano, B. (2018) 'A Comparative Study of Hummingbirds and Chickens Provides Mechanistic Insight on the Histidine Containing Dipeptide Role in Skeletal Muscle Metabolism.' Scientific Reports, 8(1)

De Salles Painelli, V., Nemezio, K.M., Pinto, A.J., Franchi, M., Andrade, I., Riani, L.A., Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Gualano, B., Artioli, G.G. (2018) 'High-Intensity Interval Training Augments Muscle Carnosine in the Absence of Dietary Beta-alanine Intake.' Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 50(11) pp. 2242-2252.

Papageorgiou, M., Martin, D., Colgan, H., Cooper, S., Greeves, J.P., Tang, J.C.Y., Fraser, W.D., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Sale, C. (2018) 'Bone metabolic responses to low energy availability achieved by diet or exercise in active eumenorrheic women.' Bone, 114pp. 181-188.

Martin, D., Sale, C., Cooper, S.B., Elliott-Sale, K.J. (2018) 'Period prevalence and perceived side effects of hormonal contraceptive use and the menstrual cycle in elite athletes.' International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(7) pp. 926-932.

Varley, I., Hughes, D.C., Greeves, J.P., Stellingwerff, T., Ranson, C., Fraser, W.D., Sale, C. (2018) 'The association of novel polymorphisms with stress fracture injury in Elite Athletes: Further insights from the SFEA cohort.' Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(6) pp. 564-568.

Papageorgiou, M., Dolan, E., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Sale, C. (2018) 'Reduced energy availability: implications for bone health in physically active populations.' European Journal of Nutrition, 57(3) pp. 847-859.

Aldiss, P., Betts, J., Sale, C., Pope, M., Budge, H., Symonds, M.E. (2018) 'Exercise-induced ‘browning’ of adipose tissues.' Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 81pp. 63-70.

Varley, I., Hughes, D.C., Greeves, J.P., Fraser, W.D., Sale, C. (2018) 'SNPs in the vicinity of P2X7R, RANK/RANKL/OPG and Wnt signalling pathways and their association with bone phenotypes in academy footballers.' Bone, 108pp. 179-185.

Sale, C. (2018) 'Nutrition and health editorial.' Nutrition and health, 24(1) pp. 3-4.

Papageorgiou, M., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Parsons, A., Tang, J.C.Y., Greeves, J.P., Fraser, W.D., Sale, C. (2017) 'Effects of reduced energy availability on bone metabolism in women and men.' Bone, 105pp. 191-199.

Cripps, M.J., Hanna, K., Lavilla, C., Sayers, S.R., Caton, P.W., Sims, C., De Girolamo, L., Sale, C., Turner, M.D. (2017) 'Carnosine scavenging of glucolipotoxic free radicals enhances insulin secretion and glucose uptake.' Scientific Reports, 7(1)

Santos, L., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Sale, C. (2017) 'Exercise and bone health across the lifespan.' Biogerontology, 18(6) pp. 931-946.

Dolan, E., Swinton, P.A., Sale, C., Healy, A., O'Reilly, J. (2017) 'Influence of adipose tissue mass on bone mass in an overweight or obese population: Systematic review and meta-analysis.' Nutrition Reviews, 75(10) pp. 858-870.

Willems, S.M., Wright, D.J., Day, F.R., Trajanoska, K., Joshi, P.K., Morris, J.A., Matteini, A.M., Garton, F.C., Grarup, N., Oskolkov, N., Thalamuthu, A., Mangino, M., Liu, J., Demirkan, A., Lek, M., Xu, L., Wang, G., Oldmeadow, C., Gaulton, K.J., Lotta, L.A., Miyamoto-Mikami, E., Rivas, M.A., White, T., Loh, P.R., Aadahl, M., Amin, N., Attia, J.R., Austin, K., Benyamin, B., Brage, S., Cheng, Y.C., Ciȩszczyk, P., Derave, W., Eriksson, K.F., Eynon, N., Linneberg, A., Lucia, A., Massidda, M., Mitchell, B.D., Miyachi, M., Murakami, H., Padmanabhan, S., Pandey, A., Papadimitriou, I., Rajpal, D.K., Sale, C., Schnurr, T.M., Sessa, F., Shrine, N., Tobin, M.D., Varley, I., Wain, L.V., Wray, N.R., Lindgren, C.M., MacArthur, D.G., Waterworth, D.M., McCarthy, M.I., Pedersen, O., Khaw, K.T., Kiel, D.P., Pitsiladis, Y., Fuku, N., Franks, P.W., North, K.N., Van Duijn, C.M., Mather, K.A., Hansen, T., Hansson, O., Spector, T., Murabito, J.M., Richards, J.B., Rivadeneira, F., Langenberg, C., Perry, J.R.B., Wareham, N.J., Scott, R.A., Oei, L., Zheng, H.F., Forgetta, V., Leong, A., Ahmad, O.S., Laurin, C., Mokry, L.E., Ross, S., Elks, C.E., Bowden, J., Warrington, N.M., Murray, A., Ruth, K.S., Tsilidis, K.K., Medina-Gómez, C., Estrada, K., Bis, J.C., Chasman, D.I., Demissie, S., Enneman, A.W., Hsu, Y.H., Ingvarsson, T., Kähönen, M., Kammerer, C. (2017) 'Large-scale GWAS identifies multiple loci for hand grip strength providing biological insights into muscular fitness.' Nature Communications, 8

Sale, C. (2017) 'Nutrition and health editorial.' Nutrition and Health, 23(2) pp. 65-66.

Saunders, B., De Salles Painelli, V., De Oliveira, L.F., Da Eira Silva, V., Da Silva, R.P., Riani, L., Franchi, M., Gonçalves, L.D.S., Harris, R.C., Roschel, H., Artioli, G.G., Sale, C., Gualano, B. (2017) 'Twenty-four Weeks of β-Alanine Supplementation on Carnosine Content, Related Genes, and Exercise.' Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49(5) pp. 896-906.

Jones, R.L., Barnett, C.T., Davidson, J., Maritza, B., Fraser, W.D., Harris, R., Sale, C. (2017) 'β-alanine supplementation improves in-vivo fresh and fatigued skeletal muscle relaxation speed.' European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(5) pp. 867-879.

Varley, I., Hughes, D.C., Greeves, J.P., Fraser, W.D., Sale, C. (2017) 'Increased Training Volume Improves Bone Density and Cortical Area in Adolescent Football Players.' International Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(5) pp. 341-346.

Phillips, S.M., Aragon, A.A., Arciero, P.J., Arent, S.M., Close, G.L., Hamilton, D.L., Helms, E.R., Henselmans, M., Loenneke, J.P., Norton, L.E., Ormsbee, M.J., Sale, C., Schoenfeld, B.J., Smith-Ryan, A.E., Tipton, K.D., Vukovich, M.D., Wilborn, C., Willoughby, D.S. (2017) 'Changes in body composition and performance with supplemental HMB-FA+ATP.' Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(5) pp. e71-e72.

Saunders, B., Elliott-Sale, K., Artioli, G.G., Swinton, P.A., Dolan, E., Roschel, H., Sale, C., Gualano, B. (2017) 'β-Alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: A systematic review and meta-Analysis.' British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(8) pp. 658-669.

Sale, C. (2017) 'Nutrition and health editorial.' Nutrition and Health, 23(1)

Townsend, R., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Currell, K., Tang, J., Fraser, W.D., Sale, C. (2017) 'The effect of postexercise carbohydrate and protein ingestion on bone metabolism.' Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49(6) pp. 1209-1218.

Jones, R.L., Stellingwerff, T., Artioli, G.G., Saunders, B., Cooper, S., Sale, C. (2016) 'Dose-response of sodium bicarbonate ingestion highlights individuality in time course of blood analyte responses.' International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 26(5) pp. 445-453.

Townsend, R., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Pinto, A.J., Thomas, C., Scott, J.P.R., Currell, K., Fraser, W.D., Sale, C. (2016) 'Parathyroid hormone secretion is controlled by both ionized calcium and phosphate during exercise and recovery in men.' Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 101(8) pp. 3231-3239.

Izard, R.M., Fraser, W.D., Negus, C., Sale, C., Greeves, J.P. (2016) 'Increased density and periosteal expansion of the tibia in young adult men following short-term arduous training.' Bone, 88pp. 13-19.

De Smet, S., Van Thienen, R., Deldicque, L., James, R., Sale, C., Bishop, D.J., Hespel, P. (2016) 'Nitrate intake promotes shift in muscle fiber type composition during sprint interval training in hypoxia.' Frontiers in Physiology, 7(JUN)

Varley, I., Greeves, J.P., Sale, C., Friedman, E., Moran, D.S., Yanovich, R., Wilson, P.J., Gartland, A., Hughes, D.C., Stellingwerff, T., Ranson, C., Fraser, W.D., Gallagher, J.A. (2016) 'Functional polymorphisms in the P2X7 receptor gene are associated with stress fracture injury.' Purinergic Signalling, 12(1) pp. 103-113.

Pitsiladis, Y.P., Tanaka, M., Eynon, N., Bouchard, C., North, K.N., Williams, A.G., Collins, M., Moran, C.N., Britton, S.L., Fuku, N., Ashley, E.A., Klissouras, V., Lucia, A., Ahmetov, I.I., de Geus, E., Alsayrafi, M. (2016) 'Athlome Project Consortium: a concerted effort to discover genomic and other "omic" markers of athletic performance..' Physiological Genomics, 48

De Araujo Dias, G.F., Eira Silva, V.D., Painelli, V.D.S., Sale, C., Artioli, G.G., Gualano, B., Saunders, B. (2015) '(In)consistencies in responses to sodium bicarbonate supplementation: A randomised, repeated measures, counterbalanced and double-blind study.' PLoS ONE, 10(11)

Elliott-Sale, K.J., Barnett, C.T., Sale, C. (2015) 'Exercise interventions for weight management during pregnancy and up to 1 year postpartum among normal weight, overweight and obese women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.' British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(20) pp. 1336-1342.

Sale, C., Varley, I., Jones, T.W., James, R.M., Tang, J.C.Y., Fraser, W.D., Greeves, J.P. (2015) 'Effect of carbohydrate feeding on the bone metabolic response to running.' Journal of Applied Physiology, 119(7) pp. 824-830.

Wilson, G., Hill, J., Sale, C., Morton, J.P., Close, G.L. (2015) 'Elite male Flat jockeys display lower bone density and lower resting metabolic rate than their female counterparts: Implications for athlete welfare.' Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 40(12) pp. 1318-1320.

Trexler, E.T., Smith-Ryan, A.E., Stout, J.R., Hoffman, J.R., Wilborn, C.D., Sale, C., Kreider, R.B., Jäger, R., Earnest, C.P., Bannock, L., Campbell, B., Kalman, D., Ziegenfuss, T.N., Antonio, J. (2015) 'International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine.' Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1)

Martin, D., Cooper, S., Sale, C., Compton, G., Elliott-Sale, K. (2015) 'Reliability of force per unit cross-sectional area measurements of the first dorsal interosseus muscle.' Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(11) pp. 1159-1165.

Solis, M.Y., Cooper, S., Hobson, R.M., Artioli, G.G., Otaduy, M.C., Roschel, H., Robertson, J., Martin, D., Painelli, V.S., Harris, R.C., Gualano, B., Sale, C. (2015) 'Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on brain homocarnosine/carnosine signal and cognitive function: An exploratory study.' PLoS ONE, 10(4)

Hannah, R., Stannard, R.L., Minshull, C., Artioli, G.G., Harris, R.C., Sale, C. (2015) 'ß-Alanine supplementation enhances human skeletal muscle relaxation speed but not force production capacity.' Journal of Applied Physiology, 118(5) pp. 604-612.

Varley, I., Hughes, D.C., Greeves, J.P., Stellingwerff, T., Ranson, C., Fraser, W.D., Sale, C. (2015) 'RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway: Genetic associations with stress fracture period prevalence in elite athletes.' Bone, 71pp. 131-136.

Elliott-Sale, K.J., Barnett, C.T., Sale, C. (2014) 'Systematic review of randomised controlled trials on exercise interventions for weight management during pregnancy and up to one year postpartum among normal weight, overweight and obese women..' Pregnancy hypertension, 4(3)

Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Sunderland, C. (2014) 'Sodium bicarbonate and high-intensity-cycling capacity: Variability in responses.' International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(4) pp. 627-632.

Hobson, R.M., Harris, R.C., Martin, D., Smith, P., Macklin, B., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Sale, C. (2014) 'Effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on 2000-m rowing performance.' International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(1) pp. 139-144.

Scott, J.P.R., Sale, C., Greeves, J.P., Casey, A., Dutton, J., Fraser, W.D. (2014) 'Treadmill running reduces parathyroid hormone concentrations during recovery compared with a nonexercising control group.' Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 99(5) pp. 1774-1782.

Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Sunderland, C. (2014) 'Effect of sodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine on repeated sprints during intermittent exercise performed in hypoxia.' International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(2) pp. 196-205.

De Salles Painelli, V., Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Solis, M.Y., Roschel, H., Gualano, B., Artioli, G.G., Lancha, A.H. (2014) 'Influence of training status on high-intensity intermittent performance in response to β-Alanine supplementation.' Amino Acids, 46(5) pp. 1207-1215.

Elliott-Sale, K.J., Smith, S., Bacon, J., Clayton, D., McPhilimey, M., Goutianos, G., Hampson, J., Sale, C. (2013) 'Examining the role of oral contraceptive users as an experimental and/or control group in athletic performance studies.' Contraception, 88(3) pp. 408-412.

Tobias, G., Benatti, F.B., De Salles Painelli, V., Roschel, H., Gualano, B., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Lancha, A.H., Artioli, G.G. (2013) 'Additive effects of beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate on upper-body intermittent performance.' Amino Acids, 45(2) pp. 309-317.

Scott, J.P.R., Sale, C., Greeves, J.P., Casey, A., Dutton, J., Fraser, W.D. (2013) 'Cytokine response to acute running in recreationally-active and endurance-trained men.' European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(7) pp. 1871-1882.

Sale, C., Artioli, G.G., Gualano, B., Saunders, B., Hobson, R.M., Harris, R.C. (2013) 'Carnosine: From exercise performance to health.' Amino Acids, 44(6) pp. 1477-1491.

Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Morris, J.G., Sunderland, C. (2013) 'Reliability of a high-intensity cycling capacity test.' Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16(3) pp. 286-289.

Scott, J.P.R., Sale, C., Greeves, J.P., Casey, A., Dutton, J., Fraser, W.D. (2013) 'Effect of recovery duration between two bouts of running on bone metabolism.' Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(3) pp. 429-438.

de Salles Painelli, V., Roschel, H., de Jesus, F., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Solis, M.Y., Benatti, F.B., Gualano, B., Lancha, A.H., Artioli, G.G. (2013) 'The ergogenic effect of beta-alanine combined with sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity swimming performance.' Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 38(5) pp. 525-532.

Hobson, R.M., Harris, R.C., Martin, D., Smith, P., Macklin, B., Gualano, B., Sale, C. (2013) 'Effect of β-alanine, with & without sodium bicarbonate, on 2000m rowing performance.' International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 23(5) pp. 480-487.

Harris, R.C., Sale, C. (2013) 'Beta-alanine supplementation in high-intensity exercise.' Medicine and Sport Science, 59pp. 1-17.

Scott, J.P.R., Sale, C., Greeves, J.P., Casey, A., Dutton, J., Fraser, W.D. (2012) 'Effect of fasting versus feeding on the bone metabolic response to running.' Bone, 51(6) pp. 990-999.

Saunders, B., Sunderland, C., Harris, R.C., Sale, C. (2012) 'β-alanine supplementation improves YoYo intermittent recovery test performance.' Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9

Derave, W., Sale, C. (2012) 'Carnosine in exercise and disease: Introduction to the International Congress held at Ghent University, Belgium, July 2011.' Amino Acids, 43(1) pp. 1-4.

Sale, C., Hill, C.A., Ponte, J., Harris, R.C. (2012) 'β-alanine supplementation improves isometric endurance of the knee extensor muscles.' Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9

Scott, J.P.R., Sale, C., Greeves, J.P., Fraser, W.D. (2012) 'Comment on Rogers et al. "Acute response of plasma markers of bone turnover to a single bout of resistance training or plyometrics".' Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(2) pp. 328-329.

Scott, J.P.R., Sale, C., Greeves, J.P., Casey, A., Dutton, J., Fraser, W.D. (2011) 'Effect of exercise intensity on the cytokine response to an acute bout of running.' Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(12) pp. 2297-2306.

Sale, C., Saunders, B., Hudson, S., Wise, J.A., Harris, R.C., Sunderland, C.D. (2011) 'Effect of β-alanine plus sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity cycling capacity.' Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(10) pp. 1972-1978.

Scott, J.P.R., Sale, C., Greeves, J.P., Casey, A., Dutton, J., Fraser, W.D. (2011) 'The role of exercise intensity in the bone metabolic response to an acute bout of weight-bearing exercise.' Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(2) pp. 423-432.

Sale, C., Saunders, B., Harris, R.C. (2010) 'Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine concentrations and exercise performance.' Amino Acids, 39(2) pp. 321-333.

Scott, J.P.R., Sale, C., Greeves, J.P., Casey, A., Dutton, J., Fraser, W.D. (2010) 'The effect of training status on the metabolic response of bone to an acute bout of exhaustive treadmill running.' Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 95(8) pp. 3918-3925.

Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Florance, J., Kumps, A., Sanvura, R., Poortmans, J.R. (2009) 'Urinary creatine and methylamine excretion following 4 × 5 g · day^-1 or 20 × 1 g · day^-1 of creatine monohydrate for 5 days.' Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(7) pp. 759-766.

Hill, C.A., Harris, R.C., Kim, H.J., Harris, B.D., Sale, C., Boobis, L.H., Kim, C.K., Wise, J.A. (2007) 'Influence of β-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity.' Amino Acids, 32(2) pp. 225-233.

McMorris, T., Swain, J., Smith, M., Corbett, J., Delves, S., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Potter, J. (2006) 'Heat stress, plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and cortisol, mood state and cognitive performance.' International Journal of Psychophysiology, 61(2) pp. 204-215.

Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Delves, S., Corbett, J. (2006) 'Metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight males.' International Journal of Obesity, 30(5) pp. 764-773.

Harris, R.C., Tallon, M.J., Dunnett, M., Boobis, L., Coakley, J., Kim, H.J., Fallowfield, J.L., Hill, C.A., Sale, C., Wise, J.A. (2006) 'The absorption of orally supplied β-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis.' Amino Acids, 30(3 SPEC. ISS.) pp. 279-289.

Guppy, A., Edwards, J.A., Brough, P., Peters-Bean, K.M., Sale, C., Short, E. (2004) 'The psychometric properties of the short version of the Cybernetic Coping Scale: A multigroup confirmatory factor analysis across four samples.' Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(1) pp. 39-62.

Elliott, K.J., Sale, C., Cable, N.T. (2002) 'Effects of resistance training and detraining on muscle strength and blood lipid profiles in postmenopausal women.' British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(5) pp. 340-345.

El-Sayed, M.S., Sale, C., Jones, P.G.W., Chester, M. (2000) 'Blood hemostasis in exercise and training.' Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5) pp. 918-925.

El-Sayed, M.S., Jones, P.G.W., Sale, C. (1999) 'Exercise induces a change in plasma fibrinogen concentration: Fact or fiction?.' Thrombosis Research, 96(6) pp. 467-472.

Dolan, E., Sale, C. (2019) 'Symposium 2: Nutrient interactions and their role in protection from chronic diseases: Protein and bone health across the lifespan.' 78. pp. 45-55.

Harris, R.C., Wise, J.A., Price, K.A., Kim, H.J., Kim, C.K., Sale, C. (2012) 'Determinants of muscle carnosine content.' 43. pp. 5-12.

Hobson, R.M., Saunders, B., Ball, G., Harris, R.C., Sale, C. (2012) 'Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: A meta-analysis.' 43. pp. 25-37.

Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Sunderland, C. (2012) 'Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on repeated sprint performance during the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test.' 43. pp. 39-47.

Sale, C., El-Sayed, M., Guppy, A. (2000) 'Individual differences, exercise and leisure activity in predicting affective well-being in young adults.' 43. pp. 1689-1697.

Jones, P.G.W., Sale, C., Chester, M., El-Sayed, M.S. (2000) 'Does exercise induce effective changes in blood rheology?.' 18.

Sale, C., Jones, P.G.W., Chester, M., El-Sayed, M.S. (2000) 'Exercise induces a change in plasma fibrinogen concentration: Fact or fiction?.' 18.